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"That’s all very well in practice, but will it ever work in theory?"
—Unknown Academic
As part of my work as a clinician at the Integrative Medicine Department at Clifton
Springs Hospital, I was asked to compile this list of some of the evidence-based uses of hypnosis for distribution to the departments and clinics throughout the hospital. "Evidence-based" means there are well-designed, peer-reviewed, published studies that support each of the uses of hypnotherapy listed.
Solid academic research on the efficacy of hypnotherapy lags behind what experienced clinicians and their patients have accomplished in the field. Rather than cause for skepticism, the abundance of case studies reporting anecdotal uses of hypnotherapy for which there are, as yet, no solid supporting research, is motivation for researchers to continue to design studies that may eventually lend support to the many beneficial uses of hypnotherapy in healing and well-being.
The following uses of hypnotherapy are grouped by the departments at Clifton Springs Hospital. Each listed use cites a reference included in the bibliography of evidence-based uses of hypnotherapy, below.
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Behavioral health
Anxiety reduction: studies of some of the many issues about which people can be anxious show hypnotherapy effective treatment (e.g., Gay,2007; McGuinness, 1984; Flammer, 2003)
Childbirth: preparation for (Brown, 2007; Mehl-Madrona, 2004)
Enuresis: accomplishing dry beds (Thomson, L., 2007)
Headache: migraine and tension (Hammond, 2007)
Obesity: support for altering diet and relationship to food. Hypnotherapy is support, not cause, for people accomplishing weight loss (Kirsch, 1996)
Pain control (Elkins, 2007)
Phobias (McGuinness, 1984)
Psychosomatic symptoms and issues w/ psychosomatic components (Flammer, 2007)
Smoking cessation: (Green, 2000; Green, 2006, Holroyd, 1980)
Sleep disorders: generally, biologic sleep disorders are not amenable to hypnotic interventions. However, if psychological and/or behavioral issues are contributing factors then hypnotherapy may be useful. (Graci, 2007)
Surgery: preparation for (Montgomery, 2002; Lang, 2002)
Trauma: the psychological effects of (Lynn, 2007)
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Cancer / Oncology
Nausea and emesis: reduction of (Marchioro, 2000)
Pain control (Elkins, 2007)
Smoking cessation: (Green, 2000; Green, 2006, Holroyd, 1980)
Surgery: preparation for (Montgomery, 2002; Lang, 2002)
Symptom reduction of pain and anxiety (Neron, 2007)
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Cardiology
Essential hypertension and anxiety reduction (Gay,2007)
Smoking cessation: (Green, 2000; Green, 2006, Holroyd, 1980)
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Diabetes
Support for altering diet and relationship to food. Hypnotherapy is support, not cause, for people accomplishing weight loss (Kirsch, 1996).
Smoking cessation: (Green, 2000; Green, 2006, Holroyd, 1980)
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Gastroenterology
IBS and other stress-related GI disturbances (Gonsalkorale, 2003; Tan, 2005; Whitehead, 2006).
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Orthopedics
Surgery: preparation for (Montgomery, 2002; Lang, 2002)
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Women's health:
Childbirth: preparation for (Brown, 2007; Mehl-Madrona, 2004)
Hot flashes: reducing hot flashes in breast cancer survivors (Elkins, 2004)
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Wound care
Pain control (Elkins, 2007)
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"Many... disorders being treated in practice
are not represented in our meta-analysis."
—Erich Flammer (2007); see reference, below
Bibliography of evidence-based uses of hypnotherapy
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Brown, D. C., Hammond, D. C. (2007). Evidence-based clinical hypnosis for obstetrics, labor and delivery, and preterm labor. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55(3), 355-371.
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Elkins, G., Marcus, J., Palamara, L., Stearns, V. (2004). Can hypnosis reduce hot flashes in breast cancer survivors? A literature review. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 47(1), 29-42.
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Elkins, G., Jensen, M. P., Patterson, D. R. (2007). Hypnotherapy for the management of chronic pain. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55(3), 275-287.
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Flammer, E., Bongartz, W. (2003). On the efficacy of hypnosis: a meta-analytic study, Contemporary Hypnosis 20(4), 179-197.
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Flammer, E, Alladin, A (2007). The efficacy of hypnotherapy in the treatment of psychosomatic disorders: Meta-analytic evidence. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55(3), 251-274.
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Gay, M. (2007). Effectiveness of hypnosis in reducing mild essential hypertension: A one-year follow-up. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55(1), 67-83.
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Gonsalkorale, W., Miller, V., Afzal, A. Whorwll, P. (2003). Long term benefits of hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome. Gut, 52, 1623-1629.
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Graci, G. M., Hardie, J. C. (2007). Evidenced-based hypnotherapy for the management of sleep disorders. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55(3), 288-302.
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Green, J., Lynn, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of gender, smoking cessations, and hypnosis. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 48(2), 195-224.
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Green, J., Lynn, S., Montgomery. G. (2006). A meta-analysis of gender, smoking cessations, and hypnosis. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 54(2), 224-233.
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Hammond, D. C. (2007). Review of the efficacy of clinical hypnosis with headaches and migraines. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55(2), 207-219.
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Holroyd, J. (1980). Hypnosis treatment for smoking: An evaluative review. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 28, 341-357.
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Kirsch, I., (1996). Hypnotic enhancement of cognitive-behavioral weight loss treatments—another meta-reanalysis. Journal of Consulting and clinical psychology, 64 (3), 517-519.
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Lang, E., Rosen, M. (2002). Cost analysis of adjunct hypnosis with sedation during outpatient interventional radiological procedures. Radiology, 222, 375-382.
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Lynn, S. J., Cardena, E. (2007). Hypnosis and the treatment of posttraumatic conditions: An evidence-based approach. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55(2), 167-188.
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Marchioro, G., Azzarello, G., Viviani, F., et al. (2000). Hypnosis in the treatment of anticipatory nausea and vomiting in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. Oncology, 59, 100-104.
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McGuinness, T. (1984). Hypnosis in the treatment of phobias: A review of the literature. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 26(4), 261-272.
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Mehl-Madrona, L. (2004). Hypnosis to facilitate uncomplicated birth. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 46(4), 299-312.
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Montogomery, G., et al. (2002). The effectiveness of adjunctive hypnosis with surgical patients: A meta-analysis. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 94, 1639-45.
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Neron, S., Stephenson, R. (2007). Effectiveness of hypnotherapy with cancer patient’s trajectory: Emesis, Acute pain, and analgesia and anxiolysis in procedures. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55(3), 336-354.
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Surman, O. et al. (1973). Hypnosis in the treatment of warts. Archive of General Psychiatry, 28, 439-441.
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Tan, G. (2005). Hypnosis and irritable syndrome: A review of efficacy and mechanism of action. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 47(3), 161-178.
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Thomson, L. (2007). Hypnosis for children with elimination disorders. In Wester, W., Sugarman, L. (eds.), Therapeutic hypnosis with children and adolescents, 387-397. Bethel, CT., Crown House Publishing Company LLC.
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Whitehead, W. (2006). Hypnosis for Irritable bowel syndrome: The empirical evidence of therapeutic effects. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 54(1), 7-20.
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Also, see a
Bibliography of Ericksonian Hypnotherapy.
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